Degree of chronic orofacial pain associated to the practice of musical instruments in orchestra's participants.

Objective: The practice of playing musical instruments can affect structures of the head, neck, mouth, and the masticatory system. The aim of this study was to obtain information regarding the prevalence of orofacial pain in musicians according to the type of instrument they play, by applying a specific questionnaire. Materials and Methods: One hundred and seventeen musicians of Sao Paulo state's orchestras participated in this study. They answered an anamnesis questionnaire with 20 questions regarding their personal data, type of instrument played, hours of daily practice, and presence or absence of orofacial pain according to the Chronic Pain Grade Classification (CPGC). Musicians were divided into two groups in accordance with the risk of affecting TMJ: RG (risk group, including violin, viola, vocalist, trombone, tuba, clarinet and saxophone); CG (control group, other instruments). They received an informative brochure about the subject. Data obtained from the questionnaire were submitted to descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation analysis and Z-test for difference between two proportions. Results: The participants were from 15 to 62 years old. Pain degree showed positive correlation for reported symptoms (P = 0.002) and hour/day practice (P = 0.030). Regarding the prevalence of pain degree, data were, for RG: Grade 0 (54.5%), Grade 1 (30.3%), and Grade ≥2 (15.1%). For CG, Grade 0 (84.4%), Grade 1 (8.9%), and Grade ≥2 (6.6%). Z-test showed positive difference between groups (P = 0.0001). Conclusion: It was concluded that the musicians of risk group presented higher prevalence of orofacial pain than control (non-risk) group.

Dentine microhardness after different methods for detection and removal of carious dentine tissue

There are several methods for identifying carious dentinal tissue aiming to avoid removal of healthy dentinal tissue. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to test different methods for the detection of carious dentinal tissue regarding the amount of carious tissue removed and the remaining dentin microhardness after caries removal. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The dentin surfaces of 20 bovine teeth were exposed and half of the surface was protected with nail polish. Cariogenic challenge was performed by immersion in a demineralizing solution for 14 days. After transverse cross-section of the crown, the specimens were divided into four groups (n=10), according to the method used to identify and remove the carious tissue: "Papacárie", Caries-detector dye, DIAGNOdent and Tactile method. After caries removal, the cross-sectional surface was included in acrylic resin and polished. In a microhardness tester, the removed dentin thickness and the Vickers microhardness of the following regions were evaluated: remaining dentin after caries removal and superficial and deep healthy dentin. RESULTS: ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05) were performed, except for DIAGNOdent, which did not detect the presence of caries. Results for removed dentin thickness were: "Papacárie" (424.7±105.0; a), Caries-detector dye (370.5±78.3; ab), Tactile method (322.8±51.5; bc). Results for the remaining dentin microhardness were: "Papacárie" (42.2±10.5; bc), Caries-detector dye (44.6±11.8; abc), Tactile method (24.3±9.0; d). CONCLUSIONS: DIAGNOdent did not detect the presence of carious tissue; Tactile method and "Papacárie" resulted in the least and the most dentinal thickness removal, respectively; Tactile method differed significantly from "Papacárie" and Caries-detector dye in terms of the remaining dentin microhardness, and Tactile method was the one which presented the lowest microhardness values.

Efeito do laser de nd: yag e do fluoreto de sódio na prevenção da erosão em dentina bovina através de perfilometria / Effect of Nd: YAG laser and sodium fluoride in preventing erosion in bovine dentin by profilometry

Este estudo avaliou, através de perfilometria, a influência do laser de Nd:YAG, do verniz de flúor e da associação de ambos na perda de estrutura dentinária após 5 dias de desafio erosivo e após 7 dias de armazenamento em saliva artificial. Sessenta blocos de dentina bovina foram incluídos em resina acrílica, polidos e limpos em ultra-som. Cinco grupos (n=12) foram obtidos: C (controle); F (verniz NaF 5% por 6h); L(laser Nd:YAG: 1 W, 100 mJ, 10 Hz, 30 s, 124,37 J/cm2); LF (laser +verniz NaF); FL (verniz NaF + laser). Previamente aos tratamentos, metade da superfície foi protegida com fita para seladora e, após, realizou-se o desafio erosivo (ácido cítrico, 2 x 15 min/dia, 5 dias). Aperfilometria foi realizada em três etapas: 1- após tratamento superfície; 2- após 5 dias de desafio erosivo; 3- após 5 dias de desafio erosivo + 7 dias de armazenamento. O objetivo da etapa 1 foi determinar a perda de estrutura pós-tratamento de superfície. Uma fatia de dentina adicional de cada grupo foi confeccionada para a realização de análise de Espectroscopia por Energia Dispersiva de Raio-x e de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura de cada etapa. Os dados de perfilometria das Etapas 2 e 3 foram analisados estatisticamente através de ANOVA de medidas repetidas dois fatores e Teste de Tukey (p<0,05). As médias de perda de estrutura dentinária na etapa 2, em μm, foram: F (5,50 bcd) >C(4,33 d) >FL (3,46 de) =LF (3,13 de) >L (1,45 e). Na etapa 3, foram: F(8,59 a) = FL (8,19 a) > LF (7,45 ab) >C (6,78 abc) >L (4,35 cd)...

This study evaluated, by profilometry, the influence of Nd:YAG laser, fluoride varnish and the combination of both in the dentin structure lossafter 5 days of erosive challenge and after 7 days storage in artificial saliva. Sixty bovine dentin blocks were embedded in acrylic resin, polished and cleaned in ultrasound. Five groups (n = 12) were obtained: C (control),F (5% NaF varnish for 6h), L (Nd:YAG laser: 1 W, 100 mJ, 10 Hz, 30 s,124,37 J/cm2), LF (laser + NaF varnish ), FL (NaF varnish + laser). Prior to treatment, half of the surface was protected with sealing tape and, after, the erosive challenge was performed (citric acid, 2 x 15 min/day, 5 days). The profilometry was performed in three steps: 1- after surface treatment,2- after 5 days of erosive challenge; 3- after 5 days of erosive challenge +7 days of storage. The objective of step 1 was to determine the structureloss after surface treatment. An additional dentin slice of each group was prepared to perform Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy x-ray analysis of and Scanning Electron Microscopy for each step. Profilometry data of steps 2and 3 were analyzed with two-way ANOVA for repeated measures and Tukey test (p <0.05). The dentin structure average loss in step 2, in μm,were: F (5.50 bcd)> C (4.33 d)> FL (3.46 de) = LF (3.13 de)> L (1.45 e). Instep 3, the average loss were: F (8.59 a) = FL (8.19 a)> LF (7.45 ab)> C(6.78 abc)> L (4.35 cd). It was concluded that: a) after erosive challenge, all treatments reduced dentin loss, except fluoride varnish; b) after erosive challenge and 7 days of storage, all treatments lost their effectiveness, except Nd:YAG laser, c) none of the treatments prevented calcium and phosphorus loss by erosion; d) all treatments contributed to eroded dentin surface remineralization, e) morphological analysis was not conclusive.

Temperature variation in pulp chamber during dental bleaching in presence or absence of light activation / Variação da temperatura na câmara pulpar durante o clareamento dental na presença ou ausência de fotoativação

Purpose: In addition to the chemical damage due to bleaching gels penetration into the pulp during pulp vitality dental bleaching, another possible aggressive factor could be the heat generated by the exothermal oxidation reaction of the bleaching gel, which may also be aggravated by the use of light activation. This study assessed the temperature variation in the pulp chamber in human teeth, using three different bleaching gels with or without LED light activation. Methods: Thirty human pre-molars were cut longitudinally to obtain buccal and lingual halves. The 60 specimens were divided into 3 groups, and the bleaching gel used varied as follows: 35% hydrogen peroxide (WHP); 37% carbamide peroxide (W) and 38% hydrogen peroxide (OX). Half of the specimens were submitted to bleaching with light activation and, the other half, without light activation. The light source used was the light emitting diode appliance (LED, 3-Light, Clean Line), and the intrapulpal temperatures were measured by using a digital thermometer. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey´s tests (alpha=5%). Results: The intrapulpal temperatures (in oC) were as follows: without light activation (WHP= 0.68b; W= 0.40b; OX= 0.48b); with light activation (WHP= 2.35a; W= 1.60a; OX= 1.80a ). Conclusion: LED light activation of bleaching gels increased the temperature in the pulp chamber, but did not achieve the critical temperature value of 5.5 oC.

Objetivo: Além da agressão química devido à penetração dos géis clareadores na polpa durante o clareamento de dentes com vitalidade pulpar, outro possível fator agressor pode ser o calor gerado pela reação de oxidação exotérmica do gel clareador, que pode também ser agravada pela fotoativação. Este estudo avaliou a variação da temperatura na câmara pulpar de dentes humanos, utilizando-se três diferentes géis clareadores, com ou sem fotoativação.Metodologia: Trinta pré-molares humanos foram cortados longitudinalmente para obtenção de duas metades: vestibular e lingual. Os 60 espécimes foram divididos em 3 grupos e os agentes clareadores utilizados variaram como segue: peróxido de hidrogênio 35% (WHP), peróxido de carbamida 37% (W) e peróxido de hidrogênio 38% (OX). Metade dos espécimes foi submetida ao clareamento com fotoativação e, a outra metade, sem fotoativação. A fonte de luz utilizada foi o aparelho à base de diodo emissor de luz (LED, 3-Light, Clean Line) e as temperaturas foram medidas por um termômetro digital. Os dados foram analisados por análise de variância e teste de Tukey (alfa=5%).Resultados: Os resultados de temperatura foram: sem fotoativação (WHP= 0.68b; W= 0.40b; OX= 0.48b); com fotoativação (WHP= 2.35a; W= 1.60a; OX= 1.80a).Conclusão: A fotoativação dos géis clareadores com LED contribuiu para um maior aumento de temperatura na câmara pulpar, mas não se atingiu a temperatura crítica de 5,5oC.

Influence of topical acidulated phosphate fluoride on surface roughness of human enamel and different restorative materials / Influência da aplicação tópica de flúor fosfato acidulado sobre a rugosidade superficial do esmalte humano e de diferentes materiais restauradores

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the influence of topical acidulated phosphate fluoride on the surface roughness of both human enamel and different restorative materials. Methods: Resin-modified glass ionomer (Vitremer = V), microhybrid composite resin with fluoride (Tetric Ceram = T), and nanofiller composite resin without fluoride (Z350 = Z) were evaluated. Acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF, 1.23%) was applied to half of the specimens (groups VF, TF, ZF and EF). Ten intact human third molars were used to obtain enamel specimens (E). Six experimental groups (n=10) and two control groups (n=10) were formed. The mean surface roughness (Ra) of both the restorative materials and enamel, with and without fluoride, was evaluated with a profilometer. Data were analyzed with an ANOVA, Tukey's test, Student's t-test, and Dunn-Bonferroni test at the 5% significance level. Results: The mean values of surface roughness, in micrometers, were as follows: Z=0.60; TF=1.00; ZF=1.05; VF=1.18; T=2.10; V=2.70; E=16.99; and EF=21.19. Both E and EF presented significantly higher surface roughness than the other experimental groups. Conclusion: It was concluded that APF increased the surface roughness of enamel and decreased the surface roughness of both resin-modified glass-ionomer cement and microhybrid composite resin with fluoride. The surface roughness of the nanofiller composite resin was not modified by APF.

Objetivo: Este estudo avaliou a influência da aplicação tópica de flúor fosfato acidulado sobre a rugosidade do esmalte e de diferentes materiais restauradores. Metodologia: Amostras de cimento de ionômero de vidro modificado por resina (Vitremer - V), resina composta microhíbrida com flúor (Tetric Ceram - T) e resina nanopartículada sem flúor em sua composição (Z350 - Z) foram confeccionadas. Metade das amostras recebeu aplicação tópica de flúor fosfato acidulado a 1,23% (FFA) (grupos VF, TF, ZF e EF) e a outra metade não, totalizando 6 grupos experimentais (n=10). Dez terceiros molares humanos hígidos foram utilizados para confecção de amostras de esmalte (E), constituindo os grupos controles (n=10). A rugosidade média superficial (Ra) dos materiais restauradores e do esmalte, com e sem flúor, foi analisada pelo rugosímetro. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, testes de Tukey, t-Student e de Dunn-Bonferroni (5 % de significância). Resultados: Os valores médios de rugosidade, em micrômetros, foram: Z=0,60; TF=1,00; ZF=1,05; VF=1,18; T=2,10; V=2,70; E=16,99 e EF=21,19. E e EF apresentaram Ra significativamente superior aos grupos experimentais. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que o FFA aumentou a rugosidade do esmalte, diminuiu a do cimento de ionômero de vidro e da resina microhíbrida com flúor e não alterou a rugosidade da resina nanoparticulada sem flúor.

Pulpal temperature increase with high-speed handpiece, Er-YAG laser and ultrasound tips

The aim of this study was to compare intrapulpal temperature increase produced by high-speed handpiece, Er:YAG laser and CVDentus ultrasound tips during cavity preparation. Thirty bovine mandibular incisors with an enamel/dentin thickness of 4 mm at buccal surface had their roots amputated and were allocated to the following groups (n=10): Group I- high-speed handpiece; Group II- noncontact Er:YAG laser (250 mJ/4Hz); and Group III- CVDentus ultrasouns tips. All devices were used with water cooling. Class V cavities were prepared to a depth of 3.5 mm, measured with a periodontal probe. A type T thermocouple was placed inside the pulp chamber to determine the temperature increase (°C), which was recorded by a data acquisition system ADS 2000 IP (Lynx Technology) linked to a notebook computer. Data were analyzed statistically by oneway ANOVA and Tukey’s test (p=0.05). The mean temperature rises were: 1.10°C (±0.56) for Group I, 0.84°C (±0.55) for Group II, and 3.00°C (± 1.34) for Group III. There were no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) between Groups I and II, but both of them differed significantly from Group III (p<0.05). In conclusion, the use of Er:YAG laser and high-speed handpiece for cavity preparation resulted in similar temperature increase. Although ultrasound tips generated significantly higher intrapulpal temperature increase, it remained below the critical value of 5.5°C and may be considered safe for use.